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Chapter 10 Outline Chapter 10 Images Chapter 11 Outline Chapter 11 Images Chapter 12 Outline
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Chapter 10 Summary Chapter 11 Summary Chapter 12 Summary
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Land & Water Resources - Key Questions & Learning Targets
Chapter 10 - Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach
1. Review the Key Questions and Concepts for this chapter on p. 215. Describe the beneficial effects of reintroducing the keystone gray wolf species (Figure 10-1) into Yellowstone National Park in the United States (Core Case Study).
2. Distinguish among an old-growth forest, a second-growth forest, and a tree plantation (tree farm or commercial forest). What major ecological and economic benefits do forests provide? Describe the efforts of scientists and economists to put a price tag on the major ecological services provided by forests and other ecosystems.
3. What harm is caused by building roads into previously inaccessible forests? Distinguish among selective cutting, clearcutting, and strip cutting in the harvesting of trees. What are the major advantages and disadvantages of clear-cutting forests?
4. What are two types of forest fires? What are some ecological benefits of occasional surface fires? What are four ways to reduce the harmful impacts of diseases and insects on forests? What effects might projected global warming have on forests?
5. What parts of the world are experiencing the greatest forest losses? Define deforestation and list some of its major harmful environmental effects. Describe the encouraging news about deforestation in the United States. What are the major basic and secondary causes of tropical deforestation?
6. Describe four ways to manage forests more sustainably. What is certified timber? What are four ways to reduce the harms to forests and to people from forest fires? What are three ways to reduce the need to harvest trees? What is the fuelwood crisis and what are three ways to reduce
its severity? Describe the Green Belt Movement. What are five ways to protect tropical forests and use them more sustainably?
7. Distinguish between rangelands and pastures. Distinguish between the overgrazing and undergrazing of rangelands. What are three ways to reduce overgrazing and use rangelands more sustainably? Describe the conflict between ranching and urban development in the American West.
8. What major environmental threats affect national parks? How could national parks in the United States be used more sustainably? Describe some of the ecological effects of reintroducing the gray wolf to Yellowstone National Park in the United States (Core Case Study). What
percentage of the world’s land has been set aside and protected as nature reserves, and what percentage do conservation biologists believe should be protected?
9. How should nature reserves be designed and connected? Describe what Costa Rica has done to establish nature reserves. What is wilderness and why is it important? Describe the controversy over protecting wilderness in the United States. What is a biological hotspot and why is it important to protect such areas? Why is it also important to protect areas where deteriorating ecosystem services threaten people and other forms of life?
10. What is ecological restoration? What are the four parts of a prominent strategy for carrying out ecological restoration and rehabilitation? Describe the ecological restoration of a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica. Define and give three examples of reconciliation (applied) ecology. Describe the relationship between reestablishing wolves in Yellowstone National park (Core Case Study) and the four scientific principles of sustainability.
Chapter 10 - Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach
1. Review the Key Questions and Concepts for this chapter on p. 215. Describe the beneficial effects of reintroducing the keystone gray wolf species (Figure 10-1) into Yellowstone National Park in the United States (Core Case Study).
2. Distinguish among an old-growth forest, a second-growth forest, and a tree plantation (tree farm or commercial forest). What major ecological and economic benefits do forests provide? Describe the efforts of scientists and economists to put a price tag on the major ecological services provided by forests and other ecosystems.
3. What harm is caused by building roads into previously inaccessible forests? Distinguish among selective cutting, clearcutting, and strip cutting in the harvesting of trees. What are the major advantages and disadvantages of clear-cutting forests?
4. What are two types of forest fires? What are some ecological benefits of occasional surface fires? What are four ways to reduce the harmful impacts of diseases and insects on forests? What effects might projected global warming have on forests?
5. What parts of the world are experiencing the greatest forest losses? Define deforestation and list some of its major harmful environmental effects. Describe the encouraging news about deforestation in the United States. What are the major basic and secondary causes of tropical deforestation?
6. Describe four ways to manage forests more sustainably. What is certified timber? What are four ways to reduce the harms to forests and to people from forest fires? What are three ways to reduce the need to harvest trees? What is the fuelwood crisis and what are three ways to reduce
its severity? Describe the Green Belt Movement. What are five ways to protect tropical forests and use them more sustainably?
7. Distinguish between rangelands and pastures. Distinguish between the overgrazing and undergrazing of rangelands. What are three ways to reduce overgrazing and use rangelands more sustainably? Describe the conflict between ranching and urban development in the American West.
8. What major environmental threats affect national parks? How could national parks in the United States be used more sustainably? Describe some of the ecological effects of reintroducing the gray wolf to Yellowstone National Park in the United States (Core Case Study). What
percentage of the world’s land has been set aside and protected as nature reserves, and what percentage do conservation biologists believe should be protected?
9. How should nature reserves be designed and connected? Describe what Costa Rica has done to establish nature reserves. What is wilderness and why is it important? Describe the controversy over protecting wilderness in the United States. What is a biological hotspot and why is it important to protect such areas? Why is it also important to protect areas where deteriorating ecosystem services threaten people and other forms of life?
10. What is ecological restoration? What are the four parts of a prominent strategy for carrying out ecological restoration and rehabilitation? Describe the ecological restoration of a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica. Define and give three examples of reconciliation (applied) ecology. Describe the relationship between reestablishing wolves in Yellowstone National park (Core Case Study) and the four scientific principles of sustainability.
Chapter 11 – Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity
1. Review the Key Questions and Concepts for this chapter on p. 250. Describe how human activities have upset ecological processes in East Africa’s Lake Victoria (Core Case Study).
2. What are three general patterns of marine biodiversity? Why is marine biodiversity higher (a) near coasts than in the open sea and (b) on the ocean’s bottom than at its surface? Describe the threat to marine biodiversity from bottom trawling. Give two examples of threats to aquatic systems from invasive species. Describe the ecological experiment involving carp removal in Wisconsin’s Lake Wingra. How does climate change threaten aquatic biodiversity?
3. What is a fishprint? Describe the collapse of the cod fishery in the northwest Atlantic and some of its side effects. Describe the effects of trawler fishing, purse-seine fishing, longlining, and drift-net fishing.
4. How have laws and treaties been used to help sustain aquatic species? Describe international efforts to protect whales from overfishing and premature extinction. Describe threats to sea turtles and efforts to protect them.
5. Describe the use of marine protected areas and marine reserves to help sustain aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services. What percentage of the world’s oceans is fully protected from harmful human activities in marine reserves? Describe the roles of fishing communities
and individual consumers in regulating fishing and coastal development. What is integrated coastal management?
6. Describe and discuss the limitations of three ways to estimate the sizes of fish populations. How can the precautionary principle help in managing fisheries and large marine systems? Describe the efforts of local fishing communities in helping to sustain fisheries. How can government subsidies encourage overfishing? Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using individual transfer rights to help manage fisheries.
7. Describe how consumers can help to sustain fisheries, aquatic biodiversity, and ecosystem services by making careful choices in purchasing seafood.
8. What percentage of the U.S. coastal and inland wetlands has been destroyed since 1900? What are three major ecological services provided by wetlands? How does the United States attempt to reduce wetland losses? Describe efforts to restore the Florida Everglades.
9. Describe the major threats to the world’s rivers and other freshwater systems. What major ecological services do rivers provide? Describe invasions of the U.S. Great Lakes by nonnative species. Describe ways to help sustain rivers.
10. What are six priorities for protecting terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity? Relate the ecological problems of Lake Victoria (Core Case Study) to the four scientific principles of sustainability.
1. Review the Key Questions and Concepts for this chapter on p. 250. Describe how human activities have upset ecological processes in East Africa’s Lake Victoria (Core Case Study).
2. What are three general patterns of marine biodiversity? Why is marine biodiversity higher (a) near coasts than in the open sea and (b) on the ocean’s bottom than at its surface? Describe the threat to marine biodiversity from bottom trawling. Give two examples of threats to aquatic systems from invasive species. Describe the ecological experiment involving carp removal in Wisconsin’s Lake Wingra. How does climate change threaten aquatic biodiversity?
3. What is a fishprint? Describe the collapse of the cod fishery in the northwest Atlantic and some of its side effects. Describe the effects of trawler fishing, purse-seine fishing, longlining, and drift-net fishing.
4. How have laws and treaties been used to help sustain aquatic species? Describe international efforts to protect whales from overfishing and premature extinction. Describe threats to sea turtles and efforts to protect them.
5. Describe the use of marine protected areas and marine reserves to help sustain aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services. What percentage of the world’s oceans is fully protected from harmful human activities in marine reserves? Describe the roles of fishing communities
and individual consumers in regulating fishing and coastal development. What is integrated coastal management?
6. Describe and discuss the limitations of three ways to estimate the sizes of fish populations. How can the precautionary principle help in managing fisheries and large marine systems? Describe the efforts of local fishing communities in helping to sustain fisheries. How can government subsidies encourage overfishing? Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using individual transfer rights to help manage fisheries.
7. Describe how consumers can help to sustain fisheries, aquatic biodiversity, and ecosystem services by making careful choices in purchasing seafood.
8. What percentage of the U.S. coastal and inland wetlands has been destroyed since 1900? What are three major ecological services provided by wetlands? How does the United States attempt to reduce wetland losses? Describe efforts to restore the Florida Everglades.
9. Describe the major threats to the world’s rivers and other freshwater systems. What major ecological services do rivers provide? Describe invasions of the U.S. Great Lakes by nonnative species. Describe ways to help sustain rivers.
10. What are six priorities for protecting terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity? Relate the ecological problems of Lake Victoria (Core Case Study) to the four scientific principles of sustainability.
Chapter 12 – Food, Soil, and Pest Management
1. Review the Key Questions and Concepts for this chapter on p. 276. Describe the use of genetically engineered golden rice (Core Case Study) as a way to decrease vitamin A deficiency in children.
2. Define food security and food insecurity. What is the root cause of food insecurity? Distinguish between chronic undernutrition (hunger) and chronic malnutrition and describe their harmful effects. Describe the effects of diet deficiencies in vitamin A, iron, and iodine. What is a famine? What is overnutrition, and what are its harmful effects?
3. What three systems supply most of the world’s food? Distinguish among industrialized agriculture (high-input agriculture), plantation agriculture, traditional subsistence agriculture, traditional intensive agriculture, polyculture, and slash-and-burn agriculture. Define soil and describe its formation and the major layers in mature soils. What is a green revolution? Describe industrialized food production in the United States.
4. Distinguish between crossbreeding and genetic engineering. Describe industrialized meat production. What is a fishery? What is aquaculture?
5. What are the major harmful environmental impacts of agriculture? What is soil erosion and what are its two major harmful environmental effects? What is desertification and what are its harmful environmental effects? Distinguish between salinization and waterlogging of soil and describe their harmful environmental effects.
6. What factors can limit green revolutions? Describe the use of energy in industrialized agriculture. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of genetically engineered foods. Explain how most food production systems reduce biodiversity. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of
industrialized meat production. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of aquaculture.
7. What is a pest? Define and give two examples of a pesticide. Describe Rachel Carson’s contribution to environmental science. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of modern pesticides. Describe the dilemma over widespread use of glyphosate as an herbicide. Describe the use of laws and treaties to help protect us from the harmful effects of pesticides. Describe seven alternatives to conventional pesticides. Define integrated pest management (IPM) and discuss its advantages.
8. Describe three ways in which governments influence food production. What is soil conservation? Describe seven ways to reduce soil erosion. Describe soil erosion and soil conservation in the United States. Distinguish among the use of organic fertilizer, commercial inorganic fertilizer, animal manure, green manure, and compost as ways to help restore soil fertility. Describe ways to prevent and clean up soil salinization.
9. Describe ways to produce meat more efficiently, humanely, and sustainably. How can we make aquaculture more sustainable? Define organic agriculture and describe its advantages over conventional agriculture. Describe the advantages of relying more on polycultures of perennial crops. What can individuals do to promote more sustainable agriculture?
10. Describe the relationships among golden rice (Core Case Study), sustainable agriculture, and the four scientific principles of sustainability.
1. Review the Key Questions and Concepts for this chapter on p. 276. Describe the use of genetically engineered golden rice (Core Case Study) as a way to decrease vitamin A deficiency in children.
2. Define food security and food insecurity. What is the root cause of food insecurity? Distinguish between chronic undernutrition (hunger) and chronic malnutrition and describe their harmful effects. Describe the effects of diet deficiencies in vitamin A, iron, and iodine. What is a famine? What is overnutrition, and what are its harmful effects?
3. What three systems supply most of the world’s food? Distinguish among industrialized agriculture (high-input agriculture), plantation agriculture, traditional subsistence agriculture, traditional intensive agriculture, polyculture, and slash-and-burn agriculture. Define soil and describe its formation and the major layers in mature soils. What is a green revolution? Describe industrialized food production in the United States.
4. Distinguish between crossbreeding and genetic engineering. Describe industrialized meat production. What is a fishery? What is aquaculture?
5. What are the major harmful environmental impacts of agriculture? What is soil erosion and what are its two major harmful environmental effects? What is desertification and what are its harmful environmental effects? Distinguish between salinization and waterlogging of soil and describe their harmful environmental effects.
6. What factors can limit green revolutions? Describe the use of energy in industrialized agriculture. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of genetically engineered foods. Explain how most food production systems reduce biodiversity. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of
industrialized meat production. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of aquaculture.
7. What is a pest? Define and give two examples of a pesticide. Describe Rachel Carson’s contribution to environmental science. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of modern pesticides. Describe the dilemma over widespread use of glyphosate as an herbicide. Describe the use of laws and treaties to help protect us from the harmful effects of pesticides. Describe seven alternatives to conventional pesticides. Define integrated pest management (IPM) and discuss its advantages.
8. Describe three ways in which governments influence food production. What is soil conservation? Describe seven ways to reduce soil erosion. Describe soil erosion and soil conservation in the United States. Distinguish among the use of organic fertilizer, commercial inorganic fertilizer, animal manure, green manure, and compost as ways to help restore soil fertility. Describe ways to prevent and clean up soil salinization.
9. Describe ways to produce meat more efficiently, humanely, and sustainably. How can we make aquaculture more sustainable? Define organic agriculture and describe its advantages over conventional agriculture. Describe the advantages of relying more on polycultures of perennial crops. What can individuals do to promote more sustainable agriculture?
10. Describe the relationships among golden rice (Core Case Study), sustainable agriculture, and the four scientific principles of sustainability.
Chapter 13 - Water Resources
1. Review the Key Questions and Concepts for this Chapter on p. 314. Describe water conflicts in the Middle East and possible solutions to these problems.
2. What percentage of the earth’s freshwater is available to us? Define groundwater, zone of saturation, water table, and aquifer. Define surface water, surface runoff, and watershed (drainage basin). Distinguish between surface runoff and reliable surface runoff. What percentage of the world’s reliable runoff are we using and what percentage are we likely to be using by 2025?
3. How is most of the world’s water used? Describe the availability and use of freshwater resources in the United States. How many people in the world lack regular access to safe drinking water, and how many do not have access to basic sanitation? What is drought and what are its causes and harmful effects? Discuss the question of who should own and manage freshwater resources.
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of withdrawing groundwater? Describe the problem of groundwater depletion in the world and in the United States, especially over the Ogallala aquifer. Describe ways to prevent or slow groundwater depletion.
5. What is a dam? What is a reservoir? What are the advantages and disadvantages of large dams and reservoirs? What ecological services do rivers provide? Describe some problems associated with the use of the Colorado River basin. What are the advantages and disadvantages of China’s Three Gorges Dam?6. Describe the California Water Project and the controversy over this water transfer project. Describe the Aral Sea
disaster. Describe China’s South–North Water Transfer Project.
7. Define desalination and distinguish between distillation and reverse osmosis as methods for desalinating water. What are the limitations of desalination and how might they be overcome?
8. What percentage of the world’s water is unnecessarily wasted and what are two causes of such waste? Describe four irrigation methods and describe ways to reduce water waste in irrigation in developed and developing countries. List ways to reduce water waste in industry and homes. List ways to use water more sustainably. Describe ways in which you can reduce your use and waste of water.
9. What is a floodplain and why do people like to live on floodplains? What are the benefits and drawbacks of floods? List three human activities that increase the risk of flooding. Describe the increased risk that many people in Bangladesh face. How can we reduce the risks of flooding?
10. Describe relationships between water conflicts in the Middle East (Core Case Study) and the four scientific principles of sustainability.
1. Review the Key Questions and Concepts for this Chapter on p. 314. Describe water conflicts in the Middle East and possible solutions to these problems.
2. What percentage of the earth’s freshwater is available to us? Define groundwater, zone of saturation, water table, and aquifer. Define surface water, surface runoff, and watershed (drainage basin). Distinguish between surface runoff and reliable surface runoff. What percentage of the world’s reliable runoff are we using and what percentage are we likely to be using by 2025?
3. How is most of the world’s water used? Describe the availability and use of freshwater resources in the United States. How many people in the world lack regular access to safe drinking water, and how many do not have access to basic sanitation? What is drought and what are its causes and harmful effects? Discuss the question of who should own and manage freshwater resources.
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of withdrawing groundwater? Describe the problem of groundwater depletion in the world and in the United States, especially over the Ogallala aquifer. Describe ways to prevent or slow groundwater depletion.
5. What is a dam? What is a reservoir? What are the advantages and disadvantages of large dams and reservoirs? What ecological services do rivers provide? Describe some problems associated with the use of the Colorado River basin. What are the advantages and disadvantages of China’s Three Gorges Dam?6. Describe the California Water Project and the controversy over this water transfer project. Describe the Aral Sea
disaster. Describe China’s South–North Water Transfer Project.
7. Define desalination and distinguish between distillation and reverse osmosis as methods for desalinating water. What are the limitations of desalination and how might they be overcome?
8. What percentage of the world’s water is unnecessarily wasted and what are two causes of such waste? Describe four irrigation methods and describe ways to reduce water waste in irrigation in developed and developing countries. List ways to reduce water waste in industry and homes. List ways to use water more sustainably. Describe ways in which you can reduce your use and waste of water.
9. What is a floodplain and why do people like to live on floodplains? What are the benefits and drawbacks of floods? List three human activities that increase the risk of flooding. Describe the increased risk that many people in Bangladesh face. How can we reduce the risks of flooding?
10. Describe relationships between water conflicts in the Middle East (Core Case Study) and the four scientific principles of sustainability.
Chapter 20 - Water Pollution
1. Review the Key Questions and Concepts for this chapter on p. 532. Describe the cleanup of Lake Washington near Seattle (Core Case Study) and list the three lessons learned from this process.
2. What is water pollution? Distinguish between point sources and nonpoint sources of water pollution and give an example of each. List nine major types of water pollutants and give an example of each. List three diseases transmitted to humans by polluted water. Describe chemical and biological methods that scientists use to measure water quality.
3. Describe how streams can cleanse themselves and how these cleansing processes can be overwhelmed. Describe the state of stream pollution in developed and developing countries. Describe the pollution problems of the Ganges River, which runs through part of India.
4. Give two reasons why lakes cannot cleanse themselves as readily as streams can. Distinguish between eutrophication and cultural eutrophication. List three ways to prevent or reduce cultural eutrophication. Describe pollution of the Great Lakes and the progress made in reducing this pollution.
5. Explain why groundwater cannot cleanse itself very well. What are the major sources of groundwater contamination in the United States? Describe the threat from arsenic in groundwater. List ways to prevent or clean up groundwater contamination.
6. Describe U.S. laws for protecting drinking water quality. Describe the environmental problems caused by the widespread use of bottled water.
7. How are coastal waters and deeper ocean waters polluted? What causes harmful algal blooms and what are their harmful effects? Describe oxygen depletion in the northern Gulf of Mexico. How serious is oil pollution of the oceans, what are its effects, and what can be done to
reduce such pollution?
8. List two ways to reduce water pollution from (a) nonpoint sources and (b) point sources. Describe the U.S. experience with reducing point-source water pollution. What is a septic tank and how does it work? Describe how primary sewage treatment and secondary sewage treatment are used to help purify water.
9. How would Peter Montague improve conventional sewage treatment? What is a composting toilet system? Describe how wetlands can be used to treat sewage. Describe the use of living machines to treat sewage. List six ways to prevent and reduce water pollution. List five steps you can take to reduce water pollution.
10. Describe connections between the clean up of Lake Washington (Core Case Study) and the four scientific principles of sustainability.
1. Review the Key Questions and Concepts for this chapter on p. 532. Describe the cleanup of Lake Washington near Seattle (Core Case Study) and list the three lessons learned from this process.
2. What is water pollution? Distinguish between point sources and nonpoint sources of water pollution and give an example of each. List nine major types of water pollutants and give an example of each. List three diseases transmitted to humans by polluted water. Describe chemical and biological methods that scientists use to measure water quality.
3. Describe how streams can cleanse themselves and how these cleansing processes can be overwhelmed. Describe the state of stream pollution in developed and developing countries. Describe the pollution problems of the Ganges River, which runs through part of India.
4. Give two reasons why lakes cannot cleanse themselves as readily as streams can. Distinguish between eutrophication and cultural eutrophication. List three ways to prevent or reduce cultural eutrophication. Describe pollution of the Great Lakes and the progress made in reducing this pollution.
5. Explain why groundwater cannot cleanse itself very well. What are the major sources of groundwater contamination in the United States? Describe the threat from arsenic in groundwater. List ways to prevent or clean up groundwater contamination.
6. Describe U.S. laws for protecting drinking water quality. Describe the environmental problems caused by the widespread use of bottled water.
7. How are coastal waters and deeper ocean waters polluted? What causes harmful algal blooms and what are their harmful effects? Describe oxygen depletion in the northern Gulf of Mexico. How serious is oil pollution of the oceans, what are its effects, and what can be done to
reduce such pollution?
8. List two ways to reduce water pollution from (a) nonpoint sources and (b) point sources. Describe the U.S. experience with reducing point-source water pollution. What is a septic tank and how does it work? Describe how primary sewage treatment and secondary sewage treatment are used to help purify water.
9. How would Peter Montague improve conventional sewage treatment? What is a composting toilet system? Describe how wetlands can be used to treat sewage. Describe the use of living machines to treat sewage. List six ways to prevent and reduce water pollution. List five steps you can take to reduce water pollution.
10. Describe connections between the clean up of Lake Washington (Core Case Study) and the four scientific principles of sustainability.